CULTURE AND CIVILIZATIONS

CULTURE AND CIVILIZATIONS

P.102-119. WORLD CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION: COMPARATIVE HISTORY AND SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DEITIES, GODDESSES, GODS, WOMEN AND MEN ART OF FASHION AND DRESS-MAKING FROM THE BRONZE AGE TO EARLY 20th CENTURY.

P.120.-134. WORLD CULTURE, ART AND CIVILIZATION. HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THE CIVILIZATION, ART, CULTURE AND HISTORY OF IRAQ?

ANCIENT ART AND CIVILIZATIONS

P.202. ART OF VANISHED CIVILIZATIONS: THE GREAT ART OF THE KINGDOM OF URARTU: A FORMIDABLE ANCIENT EMPIRE AND A CIVILIZATION CRADLE. In the early twentieth century, a long forgotten magnificent kingdom and a cradle of civilization was rediscovered in the Anatolian highlands of Asia Minor. Not until 1936 was the first systematic and scientific excavation of an edifice or a fortress of that lost civilization begun. And that was, the ancient Kingdom of Urartu (a name created by the Assyrians) which was centered around Lake Van. Sometimes, historians refer to Urartu as the kingdom of Van. The first Uraturians were called Nairi by the Assyrians and inhabitants of Asia Minor and their homeland was frequently called Urartu, while the Uraturians referred to their nation as the Land of Biani.

P.207. KINGDOM OF CILICIA: The kingdom of Cilicia is considered by eminent historians, archaeologists and anthropologists as one of the greatest ancient empires of all times. It did not last very long in the history of human kind but, most certainly, it made an immense mark on the European civilization, its way of life, its trade and commerce, its arts and laws, its architecture and above all, it left an extra-ordinary impact on Early Christianity edifices, castles, palaces, cathedrals and churches, as well as on the Crusaders who learned from the Armenians how to build circular- round-shaped castles and towers.

P. 246-250. ART, METAPHYSICS AND THE HEALING POWERS OF RELIGIOUS ART: THE KATCHKARS The most recognizable Armenian art is the traditional stone carving. The carving of Khatchkars is an artistic Armenian tradition. An Armenian trademark and monopoly. Khatchkar, literally means "cross-stone"; khatch means cross and “kar” means stone. It refers to an upright basalt stone resting on a rectangular base with its back facing eastward. It is a slab of stone incorporating various patterns of carved crosses with inscriptions and different designs pertaining to various epochs.